Present long-context giant language fashions (LLMs) can course of inputs as much as 100,000 tokens, but they battle to generate outputs exceeding even a modest size of two,000 phrases. Managed experiments reveal that the mannequin’s efficient era size is inherently restricted by the examples seen throughout supervised fine-tuning (SFT). In different phrases, this output limitation stems from the shortage of long-output examples in present SFT datasets.
Current developments in long-context LLMs have led to the event of fashions with considerably expanded reminiscence capacities, able to processing historical past exceeding 100,000 tokens in size. Nevertheless, regardless of their capacity to deal with in depth inputs, present long-context LLMs battle to generate equally prolonged outputs.
To discover this limitation, LongWriter probes the utmost output size of state-of-the-art long-context fashions with a number of queries that require responses of various lengths, similar to “Write a ten,000-word article on the historical past of the Roman Empire.” The outcomes present that each one fashions constantly fail to supply outputs past 2,000 phrases in size. In the meantime, evaluation of person interplay logs reveals that over 1% of person prompts explicitly request outputs exceeding this restrict, highlighting a urgent want in present analysis to beat this limitation.
To handle this, LongWriter introduces AgentWrite, an agent-based pipeline that decomposes ultra-long era duties into subtasks, enabling off-the-shelf LLMs to generate coherent outputs exceeding 20,000 phrases. Leveraging AgentWrite, LongWriter constructs LongWriter-6k, a dataset containing 6,000 SFT knowledge samples with output lengths starting from 2k to 32k phrases. By incorporating this dataset into mannequin coaching, LongWriter efficiently scales the output size of present fashions to over 10,000 phrases whereas sustaining output high quality.
LongWriter additionally develops LongBench-Write, a complete benchmark for evaluating ultra-long era capabilities. The 9B parameter mannequin, additional improved via DPO, achieves state-of-the-art efficiency on this benchmark, surpassing even a lot bigger proprietary fashions.
On this article, we are going to focus on the LongWriter framework, discover its structure, and evaluate its efficiency in opposition to state-of-the-art long-context giant language fashions. Let’s get began.
Current developments in lengthy context giant language fashions (LLMs) have led to the creation of fashions with considerably elevated reminiscence capacities, able to processing histories that exceed 100,000 tokens. Regardless of this capacity to deal with in depth inputs, present long-context LLMs battle to generate outputs of comparable size. To research this limitation, LongWriter examines the utmost output size of state-of-the-art long-context fashions via varied queries that require completely different response lengths, similar to “Write a ten,000-word article on the historical past of the Roman Empire.” Primarily based on the findings, LongWriter observes that each one fashions constantly fail to generate outputs longer than 2,000 phrases. Moreover, an evaluation of person interplay logs signifies that over 1% of person prompts particularly request outputs past this restrict, highlighting an pressing want in present analysis to deal with this challenge.
LongWriter’s research reveals a key perception: the constraint on output size is primarily rooted within the traits of the Supervised Tremendous-Tuning (SFT) datasets. Particularly, LongWriter finds {that a} mannequin’s most era size is successfully capped by the higher restrict of output lengths current in its SFT dataset, regardless of its publicity to for much longer sequences throughout the pretraining section. This discovering explains the ever-present 2,000-word era restrict throughout present fashions, as present SFT datasets hardly ever include examples exceeding this size. Moreover, as many datasets are distilled from state-of-the-art LLMs, in addition they inherit the output size limitation from their supply fashions.
To handle this limitation, LongWriter introduces AgentWrite, a novel agent-based pipeline designed to leverage off-the-shelf LLMs to routinely assemble prolonged, coherent outputs. AgentWrite operates in two levels: First, it crafts an in depth writing plan outlining the construction and goal phrase depend for every paragraph primarily based on the person’s enter. Then, following this plan, it prompts the mannequin to generate content material for every paragraph in a sequential method. LongWriter’s experiments validate that AgentWrite can produce high-quality and coherent outputs of as much as 20,000 phrases.
Constructing upon the AgentWrite pipeline, LongWriter leverages GPT-4o to generate 6,000 long-output SFT knowledge, named LongWriter-6k, and provides this knowledge to coach present fashions. Notably, LongWriter-6k efficiently unlocks the mannequin’s capacity to generate well-structured outputs exceeding 10,000 phrases in size. To carefully consider the effectiveness of this method, LongWriter develops the LongBench-Write benchmark, which incorporates a various set of person writing directions, with output size specs starting from 0-500 phrases, 500-2,000 phrases, 2,000-4,000 phrases, and past 4,000 phrases. Analysis on LongBench-Write reveals that LongWriter’s 9B measurement mannequin achieves state-of-the-art efficiency, even in comparison with bigger proprietary fashions. LongWriter additional constructs desire knowledge and makes use of DPO to assist the mannequin higher observe lengthy writing directions and generate greater high quality written content material, which has additionally been confirmed efficient via experiments.
To summarize, LongWriter’s work makes the next novel contributions:
- Evaluation of Era Size Limits: LongWriter identifies the first issue limiting the output size of present long-context LLMs, which is the constraint on the output size within the SFT knowledge.
- AgentWrite: To beat this limitation, LongWriter proposes AgentWrite, which makes use of a divide-and-conquer method with off-the-shelf LLMs to routinely assemble SFT knowledge with ultra-long outputs. Utilizing this methodology, LongWriter constructs the LongWriter-6k dataset.
- Scaling Output Window Measurement of Present LLMs: LongWriter incorporates the LongWriter-6k dataset into its SFT knowledge, efficiently scaling the output window measurement of present fashions to 10,000+ phrases with out compromising output high quality. LongWriter reveals that DPO additional enhances the mannequin’s long-text writing capabilities.
AgentWrite: Automated Knowledge Building
To make the most of off-the-shelf LLMs for routinely producing SFT knowledge with longer outputs, LongWriter designs AgentWrite, a divide-and-conquer type agent pipeline. AgentWrite first breaks down lengthy writing duties into a number of subtasks, with every subtask requiring the mannequin to put in writing just one paragraph. The mannequin then executes these subtasks sequentially, and LongWriter concatenates the subtask outputs to acquire the ultimate lengthy output. Such an method of breaking down a posh activity into a number of subtasks utilizing LLM brokers has already been utilized in varied fields, similar to problem-solving, software program growth, and mannequin analysis. LongWriter’s work is the primary to discover integrating planning to allow fashions to finish advanced long-form writing duties. Every step of AgentWrite is launched intimately under.
Step I: Plan
Impressed by the thought technique of human writers, who sometimes begin by making an total plan for lengthy writing duties, LongWriter makes use of the planning capabilities of LLMs to output such a writing define given a writing instruction. This plan contains the principle content material and phrase depend necessities for every paragraph. The immediate utilized by LongWriter is as follows:
“I would like you to assist me break down the next long-form writing instruction into a number of subtasks. Every subtask will information the writing of 1 paragraph within the essay and will embrace the details and phrase depend necessities for that paragraph. The writing instruction is as follows: {Consumer Instruction}. Please break it down within the following format, with every subtask taking on one line:
Paragraph 1 – Important Level: [Describe the main point of the paragraph, in detail] – Phrase Rely: [Word count requirement, e.g., 400 words]
Paragraph 2 – Important Level: [Describe the main point of the paragraph, in detail] – Phrase Rely: [Word count requirement, e.g. 1000 words].Be sure that every subtask is evident and particular, and that each one subtasks cowl the complete content material of the writing instruction. Don’t cut up the subtasks too finely; every subtask’s paragraph needs to be at least 200 phrases and not more than 1000 phrases. Don’t output another content material.”
Step II: Write
After acquiring the writing plan from Step I, LongWriter calls the LLM serially to finish every subtask, producing the writing content material part by part. To make sure the coherence of the output, when LongWriter calls the mannequin to generate the n-th part, the beforehand generated n−1 sections are additionally enter, permitting the mannequin to proceed writing the subsequent part primarily based on the prevailing writing historical past. Though this serial method prevents parallel calls to the mannequin to finish a number of subtasks concurrently, and the enter size turns into longer, LongWriter reveals in validation that the general coherence and high quality of the writing obtained this fashion are far superior to the output generated in parallel. The immediate in use by LongWriter is:
“You might be a superb writing assistant. I offers you an unique writing instruction and my deliberate writing steps. I will even give you the textual content I’ve already written. Please assist me proceed writing the subsequent paragraph primarily based on the writing instruction, writing steps, and the already written textual content.
Writing instruction:
{Consumer Instruction}
Writing steps:
{The writing plan generated in Step I}
Already written textual content:
{Earlier generated (n-1) paragraphs}
Please combine the unique writing instruction, writing steps, and the already written textual content, and now proceed writing {The plan for the n-th paragraph, i.e., the n-th line within the writing plan}.”
Validation
LongWriter exams the era size and high quality of the proposed AgentWrite methodology on two long-form writing datasets. The primary one, LongWrite-Ruler, is used to measure precisely how lengthy of an output the tactic can present. The second, LongBench-Write, is especially used to judge how properly the model-generated content material aligns with person directions by way of size and writing high quality.
LongBench-Write: To guage the mannequin’s efficiency on a extra numerous vary of long-form writing directions, LongWriter collects 120 different person writing prompts, with 60 in Chinese language and 60 in English. To raised assess whether or not the mannequin’s output size meets person necessities, LongWriter ensures that each one these directions embrace specific phrase depend necessities. These directions are divided into 4 subsets primarily based on the phrase depend necessities: 0-500 phrases, 500-2,000 phrases, 2,000-4,000 phrases, and over 4,000 phrases. Moreover, the directions are categorized into seven sorts primarily based on the output kind: Literature and Artistic Writing, Educational and Monograph, Widespread Science, Useful Writing, Information Report, Neighborhood Discussion board, and Schooling and Coaching.
Throughout analysis, LongWriter adopts two metrics: one for scoring the output size and one other for scoring the output high quality. The mannequin’s output size is scored primarily based on how shut it’s to the necessities specified within the directions. For output high quality, LongWriter makes use of the LLM-as-a-judge method, choosing the state-of-the-art GPT-4o mannequin to attain the output throughout six dimensions: Relevance, Accuracy, Coherence, Readability, Breadth and Depth, and Studying Expertise. The ultimate rating is computed by averaging the size rating and the standard rating.
Validation outcomes: LongWriter presents the output size measurement on LongWrite-Ruler and finds that AgentWrite efficiently extends the output size of GPT-4o from a most of 2k phrases to roughly 20k phrases. LongWriter additionally assesses each the output high quality and adherence to the required output size on LongBench-Write, exhibiting that GPT-4o can efficiently full duties with outputs below 2,000 phrases in size when evaluating AgentWrite’s efficiency.
Supervised Tremendous-Tuning
LongWriter conducts coaching primarily based on two of the newest open-source fashions, particularly GLM-4-9B and Llama-3.1-8B. Each of those are base fashions and assist a context window of as much as 128k tokens, making them naturally appropriate for coaching on lengthy outputs. To make the coaching extra environment friendly, LongWriter adopts packing coaching with loss weighting. The coaching on the 2 fashions ends in two fashions: LongWriter-9B (abbreviated for GLM-4-9B-LongWriter) and LongWriter-8B (abbreviated for Llama-3.1-8B-LongWriter).
On the identical time, LongWriter notices that if the loss is averaged by sequence, i.e., taking the imply of every sequence’s common loss inside a batch, the contribution of every goal token to the loss in lengthy output knowledge could be considerably lower than these with shorter outputs. In LongWriter’s experiments, additionally it is discovered that this results in suboptimal mannequin efficiency on duties with lengthy outputs. Due to this fact, LongWriter chooses a loss weighting technique that averages the loss by token, the place the loss is computed because the imply of losses throughout all goal tokens inside that batch.
All fashions are skilled utilizing a node with 8xH800 80G GPUs and DeepSpeed+ZeRO3+CPU offloading. LongWriter makes use of a batch measurement of 8, a studying charge of 1e-5, and a packing size of 32k. The fashions are skilled for 4 epochs, which takes roughly 2,500-3,000 steps.
Alignment (DPO)
To additional enhance the mannequin’s output high quality and improve its capacity to observe size constraints in directions, LongWriter performs direct desire optimization (DPO) on the supervised fine-tuned LongWriter-9B mannequin. The DPO knowledge comes from GLM-4’s chat DPO knowledge (roughly 50k entries). Moreover, LongWriter constructs 4k pairs of information particularly concentrating on long-form writing directions. For every writing instruction, LongWriter samples 4 outputs from LongWriter-9B and scores these outputs following a selected methodology. A length-following rating can also be mixed as computed. The best-scoring output is then chosen because the optimistic pattern, and one of many remaining three outputs is randomly chosen because the adverse pattern.
The ensuing mannequin, LongWriter-9B-DPO, is skilled for 250 steps on the above knowledge combination. LongWriter follows a selected recipe for DPO coaching.
LongWriter: Experiments and Outcomes
LongWriter evaluates 4 proprietary fashions and 5 open-source fashions on LongBench-Write, together with the skilled LongWriter fashions. To the very best of LongWriter’s data, Suri-IORPO is the one prior mannequin that can also be aligned for long-form textual content era. It’s skilled primarily based on Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.2 utilizing LoRA. In step with the analysis setup on LongWrite-Ruler, LongWriter units the output temperature to 0.5 and configures the mannequin’s era max tokens parameter to the utmost allowed by its API name. For open-source fashions, it’s set to 32,768.
Most earlier fashions are unable to satisfy the size requirement of over 2,000 phrases, whereas LongWriter fashions constantly present longer and richer responses to such prompts.
Observing the output size rating SlS_lSl for prompts in every required size vary, LongWriter finds that earlier fashions usually carry out poorly (scoring under 70) on prompts within the [2k, 4k) vary, with solely Claude 3.5 Sonnet reaching an honest rating. For prompts within the [4k, 20k) vary, nearly all earlier fashions are utterly unable to achieve the goal output size, even scoring 0 (which means all output lengths are lower than one-third of the required size). By including coaching knowledge from LongWriter-6k, LongWriter’s skilled mannequin can successfully attain the required output size whereas sustaining good high quality, as advised by the scores within the [2k, 20k) vary and the scatter plots.
DPO successfully improves each the mannequin’s output high quality and its capacity to observe size necessities in lengthy era.
By evaluating the scores of LongWriter-9B and LongWriter9B-DPO, we discover that DPO considerably improves each Sl (+4%) and Sq (+3%) scores, and the development is constant throughout all ranges. This reveals that in lengthy era state of affairs, DPO nonetheless helps to enhance the mannequin’s output high quality and might higher align the mannequin’s output size with 8 Preprint Determine 7: Cumulative common NLL lack of GLM4-9B and Llama-3.1-8B at completely different positions of LongWriter fashions’ outputs. Determine 8: LongWrite-Ruler check outcomes of LongWriter fashions, exhibiting their most era lengths between 10k-20k phrases. the requested size. The latter conclusion has additionally been just lately noticed in Yuan et al. (2024) in shorter generations. We additionally manually annotate pairwise wins and losses for GPT-4o and three longwriter fashions on their outputs in LongBench-Write and visualize the ends in Determine 9. We are able to see that people want the DPO-trained mannequin over LongWriter-9B in 58% of the instances. Furthermore, regardless of having fewer parameters, LongWriter-9B-DPO achieves a tie with GPT-4o.
The output size restrict of the LongWriter fashions is prolonged to between 10k and 20k phrases, whereas extra knowledge with lengthy outputs is required to assist even longer outputs.
Following the LongWrite-Ruler tes,we additionally current the LongWrite-Ruler check outcomes of LongWriter fashions. The outcomes recommend that their most era lengths are between 10k-20k phrases. The shortage of SFT knowledge with longer outputs is probably going the first purpose stopping the mannequin from reaching longer output lengths.
Remaining Ideas
On this work, we’ve got talked about LongWriter, an agent-based pipeline that decomposes ultra-long era duties into subtasks, identifies a 2,000-word era restrict for present LLMs and proposes growing their output window measurement by including long-output knowledge throughout alignment. To routinely assemble long-output knowledge, LongWriter develops AgentWrite, an agent-based pipeline that makes use of off-the-shelf LLMs to create prolonged, coherent outputs. LongWriter efficiently scales the output window measurement of present LLMs to over 10,000 phrases with the constructed LongWriter-6k. Intensive ablation research on the coaching knowledge reveal the effectiveness of this method. For future work, LongWriter suggests the next three instructions: 1. Increase the AgentWrite framework to assemble knowledge with longer outputs to additional prolong LLMs’ output window measurement. 2. Refine the AgentWrite framework to attain greater high quality long-output knowledge. 3. Longer mannequin outputs carry challenges to inference effectivity. A number of strategies have been proposed to enhance inference effectivity. It’s price investigating how these strategies can guarantee improved mannequin effectivity with out compromising era high quality.
